Mitochondrial-nuclear interactions, including retrograde signaling and anterograde signaling, play a crucial role in regulating mitochondrial function and biogenesis in response to cellular demands. Retrograde signaling involves the communication of mitochondrial stress or dysfunction to the nucleus, which triggers changes in gene expression to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Anterograde signaling, on the other hand, involves the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function by nuclear-encoded genes, allowing the nucleus to control mitochondrial activity in response to changing cellular conditions.